臺(tai)州市倍力(li)機械有(you)限公(gong)司
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刀(dao)具作為數(shu)控(kong)(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“牙齒”,在(zai)機(ji)床(chuang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)起著至關重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。刀(dao)具不僅會(hui)對機(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)效率(lv)產生直(zhi)接影響,還在(zai)很(hen)大(da)(da)程度(du)上(shang)影響了零件的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)質量(liang)。與傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)床(chuang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)方(fang)式相比(bi),數(shu)控(kong)(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主軸轉速及(ji)范圍(wei)要(yao)遠遠高(gao)出一大(da)(da)截(jie),因(yin)此(ci)這就(jiu)對數(shu)控(kong)(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)刀(dao)具提出了更高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu),這些要(yao)求(qiu)不僅體現在(zai)刀(dao)具的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)度(du)、強度(du)、剛性和(he)壽命(ming)等方(fang)面,而且在(zai)尺(chi)寸和(he)安(an)裝(zhuang)調整(zheng)等方(fang)面也有很(hen)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。這就(jiu)使得刀(dao)具需(xu)要(yao)做到結構合(he)理、幾何參數(shu)標準化(hua)、系(xi)列化(hua)。
制(zhi)造業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)日新月(yue)異,不(bu)(bu)斷涌現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新材(cai)料(liao)和(he)層出不(bu)(bu)窮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新工藝(yi),將使得多功(gong)能(neng)復合(he)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具、高(gao)速(su)高(gao)效刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具成為刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主流。面對日益(yi)增多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)難加工材(cai)料(liao),刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具行(xing)業必須改進刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具材(cai)料(liao)、研(yan)發(fa)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具材(cai)料(liao)和(he)更合(he)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具結構。數控刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具是提高(gao)加工效率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)決條(tiao)件之一,它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)用取決于被(bei)加工零件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾何形狀(zhuang)、材(cai)料(liao)狀(zhuang)態、夾具和(he)機(ji)床(chuang)選(xuan)用刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)剛性。因此(ci),在選(xuan)擇更適合(he)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具時,應考慮以(yi)下幾個方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題:
1、被加(jia)工(gong)材料的切(qie)削性能
刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)材料(liao)是決定刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)切(qie)削(xue)性(xing)能的(de)根本(ben)因(yin)素(su),對于加工(gong)效率、加工(gong)質(zhi)量、加工(gong)成本(ben)以及(ji)刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)耐(nai)用(yong)度(du)(du)影響很大。刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)材料(liao)越(yue)硬,其(qi)耐(nai)磨(mo)性(xing)越(yue)好,硬度(du)(du)越(yue)高,沖(chong)擊韌(ren)(ren)性(xing)越(yue)低(di),材料(liao)越(yue)脆(cui)。硬度(du)(du)和韌(ren)(ren)性(xing)是一對矛盾,也是刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)材料(liao)所(suo)應克服的(de)一個關鍵。所(suo)以,用(yong)戶需要根據零件材料(liao)的(de)切(qie)削(xue)性(xing)能選擇刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)。如車(che)或銑高強度(du)(du)鋼、鈦合(he)(he)金(jin)、不銹鋼零件,建議選擇耐(nai)磨(mo)性(xing)較好的(de)可轉(zhuan)位硬質(zhi)合(he)(he)金(jin)刀(dao)具(ju)(ju)。
2、根據具體(ti)用途選(xuan)擇刀具
根(gen)據機(ji)床類(lei)型(xing)來選(xuan)擇(ze)刀具(ju)(ju)小編在此(ci)就不(bu)多說(shuo)了,小編要(yao)提到的(de)(de)是,在機(ji)床加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)過程中,粗(cu)(cu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)階(jie)段(duan)以(yi)去除余量為主(zhu)(zhu),應選(xuan)擇(ze)剛性較(jiao)好、精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)較(jiao)低(di)的(de)(de)刀具(ju)(ju),半(ban)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)、精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)階(jie)段(duan)以(yi)保證零件的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)和產品質(zhi)量為主(zhu)(zhu),應選(xuan)擇(ze)耐用度(du)高、精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)刀具(ju)(ju),粗(cu)(cu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)階(jie)段(duan)所用刀具(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)最低(di)、而(er)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)階(jie)段(duan)所用刀具(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)最高。如果粗(cu)(cu)、精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)選(xuan)擇(ze)相同的(de)(de)刀具(ju)(ju),建議粗(cu)(cu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)時選(xuan)用精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)淘汰(tai)(tai)下來的(de)(de)刀具(ju)(ju),因為精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)淘汰(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)刀具(ju)(ju)磨損(sun)情況大(da)多為刃部輕微(wei)磨損(sun),涂層(ceng)磨損(sun)修光,繼續使用會(hui)影響(xiang)(xiang)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量,但對粗(cu)(cu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)(xiang)較(jiao)小。
3、根據加工(gong)區域的特點(dian)選擇(ze)刀(dao)具
在零(ling)件(jian)結構允許的情況下應選用(yong)大(da)直(zhi)徑、長徑比值小(xiao)的刀(dao)具(ju);切削薄(bo)壁、超薄(bo)壁零(ling)件(jian)的過中心(xin)銑刀(dao)端刃應有足(zu)夠的向(xiang)心(xin)角(jiao),以(yi)減少(shao)刀(dao)具(ju)和切削部位的切削力。加工鋁、銅等較軟材(cai)料零(ling)件(jian)時應選擇(ze)前角(jiao)稍大(da)一(yi)些(xie)的立銑刀(dao),齒數也不要(yao)超過4齒。
4、選取刀具時,要(yao)使刀具的尺(chi)寸(cun)與被加工工件的表面尺(chi)寸(cun)相適應
俗話(hua)說“好(hao)馬配好(hao)鞍”,對(dui)于不(bu)同(tong)的“馬”,當然應該配備不(bu)同(tong)的“鞍”才對(dui)。不(bu)同(tong)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件也需要與之對(dui)應的刀具(ju)來(lai)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),例如:在(zai)生產中,平面(mian)零(ling)(ling)件周邊(bian)輪廓(kuo)的加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),常采用立銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀;銑(xian)(xian)(xian)削平面(mian)時(shi),應選(xuan)硬質(zhi)(zhi)合(he)金刀片銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀;加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)凸臺、凹槽時(shi),選(xuan)高速鋼立銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀;加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)毛坯表(biao)面(mian)或粗加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孔(kong)時(shi),可選(xuan)取鑲(xiang)硬質(zhi)(zhi)合(he)金刀片的玉米銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀;對(dui)一(yi)些立體型面(mian)和變斜角輪廓(kuo)外形(xing)的加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),常采用球頭銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀、環形(xing)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀、錐(zhui)形(xing)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀和盤形(xing)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀。在(zai)進行自由曲面(mian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi),由于球頭刀具(ju)的端(duan)部切削速度(du)為零(ling)(ling),因(yin)此,為保證加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)精(jing)度(du),切削行距一(yi)般很小(xiao),故球頭銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀適用于曲面(mian)的精(jing)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。而(er)端(duan)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀無論是在(zai)表(biao)面(mian)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量上還是在(zai)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效率上都遠(yuan)遠(yuan)優于球頭銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀,因(yin)此,在(zai)確保零(ling)(ling)件加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)過切的前提下,粗加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和半精(jing)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)曲面(mian)時(shi),盡量選(xuan)擇端(duan)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀。
“一分錢一分貨”的(de)(de)(de)道理(li),在(zai)(zai)(zai)刀具(ju)上體(ti)現的(de)(de)(de)淋漓盡致。刀具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)耐用度(du)和(he)精度(du)與(yu)刀具(ju)價格(ge)關系極大,在(zai)(zai)(zai)大多數情況下,企(qi)業選擇好的(de)(de)(de)刀具(ju)雖然(ran)增加(jia)(jia)了刀具(ju)成本,但由此帶來的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工質(zhi)量和(he)加(jia)(jia)工效(xiao)率的(de)(de)(de)提高(gao),使得整個加(jia)(jia)工成本大大降(jiang)低。當然(ran),在(zai)(zai)(zai)加(jia)(jia)工時,要(yao)想讓刀具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)價值得到最大程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)發揮(hui),還需要(yao)“軟硬結合”,即(ji)選擇高(gao)品質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)(jia)工編程軟件予以配合。
在(zai)加工(gong)中心上,所有刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)全都(dou)預先(xian)裝(zhuang)在(zai)刀(dao)(dao)庫里(li),通過數控程序的選刀(dao)(dao)和換刀(dao)(dao)指令進(jin)行相應的換刀(dao)(dao)動作。因此(ci)必須選用(yong)適合機床刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)系統(tong)規格的相應標準(zhun)(zhun)刀(dao)(dao)柄,以(yi)便數控加工(gong)用(yong)刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)能夠迅速、準(zhun)(zhun)確地安裝(zhuang)到機床主軸(zhou)上或返回刀(dao)(dao)庫。
通過上述的(de)(de)講解(jie),相(xiang)信大(da)家對于機(ji)床刀具(ju)的(de)(de)選擇(ze)一(yi)定(ding)有了更深一(yi)步的(de)(de)了解(jie)。工(gong)欲(yu)善其事(shi)必先利其器,如今市場上的(de)(de)刀具(ju)種類琳瑯滿目,質量也(ye)層次不(bu)齊,用戶想要挑(tiao)選到(dao)最(zui)適合(he)自己的(de)(de)刀具(ju),還需多加斟酌才是。